This chapter, written at the request of the Research and Analysis Directorate of the Canadian federal government’s Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), provides an overview of the methods used to manage the transfer of funds from the U.S. federal government to tribes. Research was conducted largely through in depth interviews with senior U.S. government staff, tribal administrators and a review of readily available background documents. Thus, this is a policy chapter more than an academic review of program effectiveness. Further, it is worth noting that at the time of the interviews, the BIA was embroiled in a court case over the mismanagement of Indian trust funds; the scandal conditioned responses, since the credibility of demanding accountability from tribes is clearly affected by the agency’s own financial management and accountability difficulties.